Cubo住宅｜Casa Cubo / PHOOEY Architects. Image ? Peter Bennetts Photographer
哪些材質(zhì)最容易回收？
Which Materials are Easiest to Recycle?
由專(zhuān)筑網(wǎng)小R，王雪純編譯
75%的地球自然資源都消耗于建筑行業(yè)。石頭、沙子、鐵等其他許多有限的資源都供應(yīng)于建筑市場(chǎng)之中。除此之外，無(wú)論改造、拆除，還是新建，施工場(chǎng)地總會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量的廢物。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，巴西的建筑垃圾占城市固體垃圾總量的一半以上[1]。這些廢物的處理方式一般是填埋或是堆放，而這些處理方式直接影響著整個(gè)城市的衛(wèi)生體系。
The construction industry is responsible for 75% of the consumption of earth's natural resources. Stone, sand, iron, and many other finite resources are extracted in huge quantities to supply the markets. Additionally, construction sites themselves generate enormous quantities of waste, whether through construction, demolition, or remodeling. In Brazil, for example, construction waste can represent between 50% and 70% of the total mass of municipal solid waste [1]. This waste often ends up in landfills and dumps rather than being properly disposed of, overwhelming municipal sanitation systems and creating informal disposal sites.
建筑邊角料的材料立面?zhèn)}庫(kù)｜Storage Barn / Gray Organschi Architecture. Image ? Bo Crockett
如果采用正確的措施，那么這些廢物就能夠進(jìn)行重新再利用，因?yàn)檫@些材料中能夠提取到可用的部分，并且在保證使用質(zhì)量的前提下應(yīng)用在新建筑之中。
If more care is taken, however, this waste could have enormous potential for reuse. If given proper destinations and processed correctly, recycled materials can replace those extracted from deposits to form new building components, maintaining a quality generally comparable to traditional materials.
Estudio Cinco / T3arc. Image ? Luis Gordoa
回收是將廢棄的材料進(jìn)行再利用，讓它們重新進(jìn)入生產(chǎn)的過(guò)程。這個(gè)過(guò)程能有效減少了原材料的消耗和廢物的總量，同時(shí)也給社會(huì)帶來(lái)了大量的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。如果要有效地開(kāi)啟這個(gè)過(guò)程，那么就需要進(jìn)行廢物的分類(lèi)和回收，每個(gè)地區(qū)的分類(lèi)方式不同，但是大體分為兩個(gè)部分，首先是大部分的建筑垃圾，例如混凝土、陶瓷、石材、砂漿等等，另一部分則是木材、金屬、玻璃、塑料、石膏等等。下文列出了一些常見(jiàn)材料的回收與再利用方式。
Recycling is the process of reusing discarded materials to reintroduce them into the production cycle. This process reduces the consumption of raw materials, decreases the total volume of waste, and can create jobs for thousands of people. To start the process, an efficient separation and collection system is essential. Although the classifications are different in every country, two major classes generally exist. The first includes concrete, ceramics, stone, and mortar, which represent most construction waste. The other class concerns wood, metal, glass, plastic, plaster, and more. Here are the most common materials to recycle and what uses they often have:
鋼
金屬回收廠｜Metal Recycling Plant / dekleva gregoric architects. Image ? Miran Kambi?
鋼材由鐵礦石和煤高溫?zé)捴贫桑部梢酝ㄟ^(guò)回收廢棄鋼材在電爐中制作而成。鋼材的回收歷史可以追溯到古羅馬時(shí)期，當(dāng)時(shí)士兵們會(huì)收集戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上所留下來(lái)的武器，然后煉成新兵器。其實(shí)，鋼材可以不斷地進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)化，在回收之后，電力的消耗能夠降低80%，對(duì)環(huán)境的影響也更小一些，因此可以不需要完全依賴(lài)于原材料的提煉。
Steel
Steel can be made from the combination of iron ore and coal, which is heated in a blast furnace, or by recycling scrap, which is made in an electric furnace. The recycling of steel goes back to the Roman Empire, when soldiers collected instruments of war left in trenches to produce new weapons. In fact, steel can be endlessly transformed into new objects without loss of quality. When recycled, the consumption of electricity lowers by 80%, causing a lower environmental impact and eliminating completely the extraction of raw materials.
紐約“零浪費(fèi)”酒館｜Restaurante Zero Waste Bistro / Linda Bergroth. Image ? Nicholas Calcott
鋼筋混凝土中所應(yīng)用的鋼筋、電線、釘子，以及一些金屬材料常常都由廢棄金屬制作而成。
Rebar for reinforced concrete, wires, nails, and some metal profiles are generally made from scrap metal.
混凝土
? Apt and Huguet
回收的混凝土能夠讓建筑垃圾重復(fù)利用，有效地降低建筑成本。在硬化混凝土的回收之中，可以使用一種特殊的機(jī)器生產(chǎn)“再利用骨料”。近年來(lái)，回收混凝土只應(yīng)用在材料的底層，但是有數(shù)據(jù)表明，通過(guò)適當(dāng)?shù)募夹g(shù)，混凝土骨料可以創(chuàng)造壓強(qiáng)在30至40MPa的結(jié)構(gòu)元素。更重要的是，回收骨料相比起初凝混凝土，其每個(gè)單位的重量大約輕10%至15%，因此回收骨料的運(yùn)輸、施工成本都較低一些。
Concrete
Recycling concrete allows construction waste to be reused and construction costs to be reduced. In recycling hardened concrete, a special crusher is used and produces what is known as “recycled aggregate”. Until recently, recycled concrete was only used as a subfloor. But tests are showing that concrete aggregate can create structural elements from 30 up to 40 MPa with the right technologies. Importantly, recycled aggregates are also anywhere from ten to fifteen percent lighter per unit of volume than virgin concrete, which entails less weight per cubic meter and thus less material, transportation, and overall project costs.
木材
奧斯陸Smestad回收利用中心｜Smestad Recycling Centre / Longva arkitekter. Image ? Ivan Brodey
“再生木材”的使用已經(jīng)變得很流行，保存良好硬木能夠存放數(shù)百年。再生木材適用于大型的結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件和面板廢舊木地板屬于什么垃圾，例如板條箱、運(yùn)貨板、支架等等。但是，柔軟、廉價(jià)的木材同樣可以用作原材料面板而回收再利用。再生木材最為常見(jiàn)的功能是木材的研磨和中密度纖維板的制作。
Wood
Using “reclaimed wood” has become quite popular. Hardwoods can last hundreds of years, if kept properly. They can be used in large structural parts or as slats for the manufacture of other artifacts such as crates, pallets, or supports for various purposes. But even softer, cheaper woods can be recycled, especially as a raw material for the panel industry. The most common use of recycled wood today occurs with the complete grinding of wood and manufacture of MDF sheets for the production of woodwork.
丹麥Upcycle屋｜Casa Upcycle / Lendager Arkitekter. Image ? Jesper Ray
另外，還可以在工業(yè)爐中焚燒木材廢料來(lái)降解木材垃圾。
Another option, if none of the above processes can be applied, is to dispose of wood waste for biomass production by burning it in industrial furnaces.
石膏
石膏同樣可以回收，但是如果處理不當(dāng)，這種材料會(huì)排放出易燃且具有毒性的化學(xué)物質(zhì)廢舊木地板屬于什么垃圾，從而污染土壤和地下水資源，如果能夠妥善處理，并且保持回收石膏的物理性能，就能減少成本。
Plaster
Recycling plaster in construction is feasible, but if it is improperly disposed of, it can emit flammable and highly toxic hydrogen sulphide, contaminating the soil and groundwater. However, if suitably processed, recycled plaster retains the same physical and mechanical characteristics as conventional plaster at a relatively low cost.
EPS
Cortesia de Santa Luzia
聚苯乙烯泡沫，簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)EPS，也是可循環(huán)利用的材料。EPS經(jīng)過(guò)粉碎、壓實(shí)后能夠制造全新的塑料產(chǎn)品，這種材料可以用于制作面漆或者油漆。
Expanded polystyrene, or EPS, is a material that can be recycled as well. EPS becomes a raw material for the manufacture of new plastic products when it is crushed and compacted. It can be used for finishes or even paints.
紐約“零浪費(fèi)”酒館｜Restaurante Zero Waste Bistro / Linda Bergroth. Image ? Nicholas Calcott
玻璃
玻璃瓶是高度可回收的東西，但是玻璃窗的回收則面臨著一系列的復(fù)雜問(wèn)題。由于不同的化學(xué)成分和熔化溫度，玻璃窗無(wú)法和其他的玻璃制品一起回收，如果窗戶(hù)是不同類(lèi)型的也不行。但是，窗戶(hù)的玻璃可以經(jīng)過(guò)熔化而制造成玻璃纖維，然后與瀝青結(jié)合使用，或是用作黃白反光道路漆。碎玻璃也可以和混凝土共同使用，從而制造地板和花崗巖臺(tái)面。
Glass
Although glass bottles and containers are highly recyclable, the recycling of window glass faces a series of additional complications. Due to its different chemical composition and melting temperature, it cannot be recycled alongside other glass objects, including other types of window glass itself. Window glass can, however, be melted and remanufactured into fiberglass, to be incorporated into asphalt or even combined in yellow and white reflective road paints. Broken glass can be combined with concrete to create floors and granite countertops as well.
金屬回收廠｜Metal Recycling Plant / dekleva gregoric architects. Image ? Miran Kambi?
鋅板、鋁板、包裝、織物，這些材料同樣也有回收再利用的價(jià)值與可能，當(dāng)然，諸如石棉、乳膠漆、化學(xué)溶液、粘合劑、鉛涂料等材質(zhì)則需要經(jīng)過(guò)謹(jǐn)慎地對(duì)待，這樣才能減少對(duì)于環(huán)境的負(fù)面影響。人們對(duì)于可持續(xù)發(fā)展的意識(shí)逐步提升，因此材料的壽命周期則變得愈發(fā)重要。人們應(yīng)該減少?gòu)U棄材料的堆放與填埋，利用回收再利用的方式來(lái)減少環(huán)境壓力與成本，同時(shí)也能夠有效地減少人們對(duì)于自然資源的需求，降低運(yùn)輸與生產(chǎn)成本。
Zinc, aluminum, packaging, fabrics. These additional materials may also have reuse and recycling options. Of course, there are also substances such as asbestos, latex paint, chemical solvents, adhesives, and lead-based paint that need to be treated carefully to reduce their impact on the environment. With growing concerns about transforming the built environment to be more sustainable, thinking about the entire life cycle of a material becomes vital. In addition to reducing the chances of dumping in clandestine locations and helping to relieve pressure on landfills, recycling can lead to lower costs for both the environment and the consumer. In addition, it reduces the demand for new natural resources, reduces production and transportation costs and eliminating the need to send waste to landfills.
墨西哥BRUMA釀酒廠改造｜Vinícola BRUMA / TAC Taller de Arquitectura Contextual. Image ? Humberto Romero
注釋
Notes
[1]
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